Kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosa
A late-comer on the international market, the kiwifruit long identified as (Actinidia chinensis Planch.), was formerly placed in the family Dilleniaceae; is now set apart in Actinidiaceae which includes only two other genera. In the August 1986 issue of HortScience (Vol. 21 #4: 927), there appears an announcement that China's leading authority on this fruit has renamed the stiff-haired form (which includes the kiwifruit) A. deliciosa (A. Chevalier) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa, and has retained A. chinensis for the smooth-skinned form. The Chinese name, yang tao, meaning "strawberry peach", was replaced by Europeans with the descriptive term, Chinese gooseberry (because of the flavor and color of the flesh). In 1962, New Zealand growers began calling it "kiwifruit" to give it more market appeal, and this name has been widely accepted and publicized despite the fact that it is strictly artificial and non-traditional. It was commercially adopted as the trade name in 1974. There are a few little-used colloquial names such as Ichang gooseberry, monkey peach and sheep peach.
Kiwifruit
Plate XL: KIWIFRUIT, Actinidia chinensisDescription
▲golden kiwi plants
獼猴桃是國際市場上后來出現(xiàn)的一種獼猴桃，長期以來被認(rèn)為是獼猴桃（獼猴桃），它以前被歸入雙子科；現(xiàn)在被劃分為獼猴桃科，只包括另外兩個屬。在1986年8月出版的《HortScience》（第21卷第4期：927頁）上，有一則消息稱，中國對這種水果的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)威已將硬毛形式（包括獼猴桃）改名為A.deliciosa（A.Chevalier）C.F.Liang et A.R.Ferguson var.deliciosa，并保留了中國的光滑皮膚形式。中文名稱yang tao，意思是“草莓桃”，后來被歐洲人用描述性的術(shù)語“中國醋栗”取代（因為醋栗果肉的味道和顏色）。1962年，新西蘭種植者開始稱其為“獼猴桃”，以提高其市場吸引力，盡管這一名稱是嚴(yán)格人工和非傳統(tǒng)的，但它已被廣泛接受和宣傳。1974年，它被商業(yè)上采用為商品名。有一些很少使用的口語名稱，如宜昌醋栗、猴桃和羊桃。
獼猴桃
盤子XL：獼猴桃、獼猴桃說明
▲Kiwi orchard▲
The kiwifruit is borne on a vigorous, woody, twining vine or climbing shrub reaching 30 ft (9 m). Its alternate, long-petioled, deciduous leaves are oval to nearly circular, cordate at the base, 3 to 5 in (7.5-12.5 cm) long. Young leaves and shoots are coated with red hairs; mature leaves are dark-green and hairless on the upper surface, downy-white with prominent, light-colored veins beneath. The fragrant, dioecious or bisexual flowers, borne singly or in 3's in the leaf axils, are 5- to 6-petalled, white at first, changing to buff-yellow, 1 to 2 in (2.5-5 cm) broad, and both sexes have central tufts of many stamens though those of the female flowers bear no viable pollen. The oval, ovoid, or oblong fruit, up to 2 1/2 in (6.25 cm) long, with russet-brown skin densely covered with short, stiff brown hairs, is capped at the base with a prominent, 5-pointed calyx when young but this shrivels and dehisce from the mature fruit while 5 small sepals persist at the apex. The flesh, firm until fully ripe, is glistening, juicy and luscious, bright-green, or sometimes yellow, brownish or off-white, except for the white, succulent center from which radiate many fine, pale lines. Between these lines are scattered minute dark-purple or nearly black seeds, unnoticeable in eating. Cross-sections are very attractive. In some inferior types, the central core is fibrous or even woody. The flavor is subacid to quite acid, somewhat like that of the gooseberry with a suggestion of strawberry.
▲golden kiwi tree
獼猴桃生長在高達(dá)30英尺（9米）的木質(zhì)纏繞藤蔓或攀緣灌木上。其互生的長葉柄落葉為橢圓形至近圓形，基部心形，長3至5英寸（7.5-12.5厘米）。幼葉和嫩枝上覆蓋著紅色的毛；成熟葉片深綠色，上表面無毛，絨毛狀白色，下面有突出的淺色葉脈。芳香、雌雄異株或兩性花，單生或葉腋3分生，有5到6瓣，最初為白色，變?yōu)闇\黃色，寬1到2英寸（2.5-5厘米），兩性都有許多雄蕊的中央簇生簇，盡管雌花沒有活花粉。橢圓形、卵圓形或長圓形果實，長2.1/2英寸（6.25厘米），黃褐色皮膚，密被短而硬的棕色毛發(fā)，幼時基部有一個突出的5尖花萼，但從成熟果實上枯萎和開裂，而頂端有5個小萼片。果肉堅硬直至完全成熟，光澤、多汁、甘美、亮綠色，有時為黃色、褐色或灰白色，除了白色多汁中心外，中心放射出許多細(xì)小、蒼白的線條。在這些線之間散布著微小的深紫色或接近黑色的種子，在食用時看不到。橫截面非常吸引人。在一些亞型中，中心核為纖維狀甚至木質(zhì)。味道從微酸到很酸，有點像醋栗，有點像草莓。
▲Kiwi pollen▲
Origin and Distribution
This interesting species is native to the provinces of Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi and Fukien in the Yangtze Valley of northern China–latitude 31o N–and Zhejiang Province on the coast of eastern China. It was cultivated on a small scale at least 300 years ago, but still today most of the 1,000-ton crop is derived from wild vines scattered over 33 of the 48 counties of Zhejiang. The plants may be seen climbing tall trees or, near Lung to ping, Hupeh, sprawling over low scrub or rocks exposed to strong northeast winds and bearing heavily. The Chinese have never shown much interest in exploiting the fruit. Because of the dense population, there is little room for expansion of the industry. Nevertheless, trial shipments of canned fruits were made to West Germany in 1980.
▲yellow kiwi plants
起源和分布
這種有趣的物種原產(chǎn)于中國北方長江流域（北緯31oN）的湖北、四川、江西和福建省以及中國東部沿海的浙江省。至少在300年前，它是小規(guī)模種植的，但直到今天，1000噸作物中的大部分來自分布在浙江48個縣中33個縣的野生藤蔓。人們可以看到這些植物攀爬高大的樹木，或者在湖北省隆平市附近的低矮灌木叢或巖石上蔓延，這些灌木叢或巖石暴露在東北大風(fēng)中，承受著沉重的壓力。中國人從來沒有對開發(fā)這種水果表現(xiàn)出太大的興趣。由于人口稠密，該行業(yè)幾乎沒有擴張空間。然而，1980年，罐裝水果被試運到西德。
▲redkiwifruit▲
▲Golden kiwifruit▲
▲sun gold kiwi plants
▲Kiwi pollination▲
▲redkiwifruit▲
▲Kiwi sapling▲
The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Consul-General Wilcox in Hankow in 1904 (P.I. 11629, 11630) and the resulting vines were fruiting at the Plant Introduction Field Station at Chico, California in 1910. In 1905, a Rev. Hugh White sent in seeds from Kiangsi (P.I. 18535). E.H. Wilson supplied seeds from western Hupeh and Szechuan (P.I. 21781). In 1917, the agricultural explorer, Frank Meyer, sent back to Washington seeds from fruits he found growing near Lung to ping, Hupeh, ranging in size from "that of a gooseberry to a good-sized plum" (P.I. 45946). A plant from this introduction was given to Mr. William Hertrich of San Gabriel, California. It had perfect flowers and bore fruit "of good size and quality." Mr. Hertrich reproduced it by cuttings and in 1919 supplied some of the plants to the Station at Chico (P.I. 46864). In 1935, a New Zealand grower sent plants of a large-fruited kiwifruit (later named 'Hayward' in New Zealand). One of the plants was reported as still flourishing and fruiting–400 lbs (160 kg) annually–in 1982. After cultural techniques were developed in the 1960's, two California growers imported several thousands of plants from New Zealand. Special kiwifruit nurseries were established in 1966 and, by 1970, there were 40 acres (20.25 ha) devoted to this crop. By 1977 there were over 2,000 acres (800 ha) planted with kiwifruit vines but only 10% of the plants had reached bearing age. In 1982, there were about 1,000 small commercial farms in the state. In 1984, kiwifruit groves in California totalled 6,000 acres (2,040 ha). Most of the crop, worth $18,000,000 to the growers, is sold locally, but some has been shipped to Japan and to the Netherlands. The trade association, Kiwi Growers of California, was organized in 1972 and incorporated in 1975 to sponsor research and exchange and publish information. Nationwide publicity and marketing is handled by Blue Anchor, Inc., the California Fruit Exchange, greatly stimulating demand despite the high retail price of the fruits. The California Kiwifruit Administration Committee has set rigid quality standards, preventing the shipping of "unclassified" grade.
▲golden kiwi plants
1904年，美國農(nóng)業(yè)部從漢口的總領(lǐng)事威爾科克斯那里收到了種子（P.I.11629、11630），1910年，由此產(chǎn)生的葡萄藤在加利福尼亞州奇科的植物引種田間站結(jié)出果實。1905年，休·懷特牧師從江西送來了種子（P.I.18535）。E、 威爾遜從湖北西部和四川提供種子（P.I.21781）。1917年，農(nóng)業(yè)探險家弗蘭克·邁耶（Frank Meyer）將他發(fā)現(xiàn)生長在湖北省平平市隆附近的水果的種子送回華盛頓，大小從“醋栗到大小合適的李子”（P.I.45946）。來自加州圣加布里埃爾的威廉·赫特里奇先生收到了引種的一株植物。它開著完美的花，結(jié)出“大小和質(zhì)量都很好”的果實。赫特里希先生通過扦插繁殖了它，并于1919年向奇科的空間站提供了一些植物（P.I.46864）。1935年，一位新西蘭種植者送來了一種碩果獼猴桃（后來在新西蘭被稱為“海沃德”）的植株。1982年，據(jù)報道，其中一種植物仍在茁壯成長并結(jié)出果實——每年400磅（160公斤）。在20世紀(jì)60年代開發(fā)出栽培技術(shù)后，兩名加利福尼亞種植者從新西蘭進口了數(shù)千種植物。1966年建立了特殊的獼猴桃苗圃，到1970年，有40英畝（20.25公頃）用于種植這種作物。到1977年，有超過2000英畝（800公頃）的獼猴桃藤種植，但只有10%的植物達(dá)到了結(jié)果年齡。1982年，該州約有1000個小型商業(yè)農(nóng)場。1984年，加利福尼亞州的獼猴桃林總面積為6000英畝（2040公頃）。大部分農(nóng)作物價值1800萬美元，在當(dāng)?shù)爻鍪?，但一些已?jīng)運往日本和荷蘭。加州獼猴桃種植者貿(mào)易協(xié)會成立于1972年，1975年成立，旨在贊助研究、交流和發(fā)布信息。加州水果交易所Blue Anchor，Inc.負(fù)責(zé)全國范圍內(nèi)的宣傳和營銷，盡管水果零售價格較高，但極大地刺激了需求。加州獼猴桃管理委員會制定了嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，防止運輸“未分類”等級的獼猴桃。
▲Kiwi packaging▲
The Fruit and Fruit Technology Research Institute of Stellenbosch, South Africa, obtained budwood of New Zealand cultivars in 1960 and experimental plantings were made in a number of areas around the country. The success of the vines in the northeastern Transvaal inspired the installment of a large plantation of mostly seedlings, some plants from cuttings, at Chiremba in the lower Vumba based on New Zealand and California selections. At this location, the altitude is 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and the annual rainfall is 60 in (152 cm). The mean temperatures in southern Cape areas are close to those at Sacramento, California. However, there are great extremes in South African weather and occasionally very high day temperatures which may cause sunburn on exposed fruits. Nevertheless, the South African Kiwifruit Association was formed in 1981 at the University of Natal with expectations of developing successful cultivation.
▲Kiwifruit planting▲
南非Stellenbosch水果和水果技術(shù)研究所于1960年獲得了新西蘭品種的芽木，并在全國多個地區(qū)進行了實驗種植。特蘭斯瓦爾東北部葡萄園的成功激發(fā)了人們在Vumba下游的Chiremba，根據(jù)新西蘭和加利福尼亞州的選擇，安裝了一個以幼苗為主的大型種植園，其中一些植物來自插條。在這個位置，海拔3280英尺（1000米），年降雨量為60英寸（152厘米）。南開普省地區(qū)的平均溫度接近加利福尼亞州薩克拉門托。然而，南非的天氣非常極端，有時白天溫度很高，可能會導(dǎo)致裸露的水果曬傷。盡管如此，南非獼猴桃協(xié)會于1981年在納塔爾大學(xué)成立，旨在發(fā)展成功的種植。
▲Kiwi planting▲
The kiwifruit was already being grown in Cambodia, Vietnam and southern Laos, France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy where plantings were first made in the late 1960's and commercial growing started in the late 1970's. Italy advanced to third place in world production by 1983, with a crop of 6,000 tons from 4,800 acres (2,000 ha). Over one-half of Italy's crop is exported to France and other European countries.
▲sungold kiwifruit
獼猴桃已經(jīng)在柬埔寨、越南、老撾南部、法國、西班牙、比利時和意大利種植，60年代末首次種植，70年代末開始商業(yè)種植。到1983年，意大利的產(chǎn)量從4800英畝（2000公頃）提高到了6000噸，居世界第三位。意大利一半以上的作物出口到法國和其他歐洲國家。
▲Kiwi seedlings▲
French interest in the kiwifruit has been stimulated by the low returns from apple-growing. By 1971, there were small plantings scattered around southwestern and southeastern areas of the country–valleys of the Garonne, Dordogne, Rhone and Loire rivers–totalling about 123 acres (50 ha). Greece is now producing kiwifruits for export to other European countries, filling the seasonal gap when fruits from New Zealand are not available. A recent development is the raising of kiwifruits in greenhouses in the Channel Islands, especially as an alternative to tomatoes suffering from European competition.
▲red kiwi tree
法國對獼猴桃的興趣受到了蘋果種植回報率低的刺激。到1971年，該國西南部和東南部地區(qū)——加龍河、多爾多涅河、羅納河和盧瓦爾河流域——共有約123英畝（50公頃）的小型種植園。希臘現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)獼猴桃出口到其他歐洲國家，填補了新西蘭水果供應(yīng)不足的季節(jié)性缺口。最近的一個發(fā)展是在海峽群島的溫室中種植獼猴桃，特別是作為受歐洲競爭影響的番茄的替代品。
▲kiwifruit▲
The vine was introduced into the Philippines at Baguio in 1923. It succeeds there only above 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and has not been exploited. Large plantings are being made in Chile, not far from Santiago.
1923年，這種藤蔓植物在碧瑤被引入菲律賓。它在那里的成功海拔僅為3280英尺（1000米），尚未被開發(fā)。離圣地亞哥不遠(yuǎn)的智利正在進行大規(guī)模種植。
▲redkiwifruit▲
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