A kiwifruit grower at the centre of a landmark Psa case says he didn’t spray his orchard with the pollen claimed to have caused the virus that devastated the industry in 2010.
一名獼猴桃種植者處于具有里程碑意義的Psa病例的中心，他說他沒有在果園里噴灑據(jù)稱導致2010年摧毀該行業(yè)的病毒的花粉。
▲Photo of red kiwi fruit pollination
Graeme Crawshaw, along with his wife Jill Hamlyn, owned Kairanga Orchard in Te Puke, the second orchard where Psa was discovered in 2010. He was also a director and shareholder of Kiwi Pollen, with Hamlyn the managing director.
Graeme Crawshaw和他的妻子Jill Hamlyn在Te Puke擁有Kairanga果園，這是2010年發(fā)現(xiàn)Psa的第二個果園。他也是Kiwi Pollen的董事和股東，Hamlyn是董事總經(jīng)理。
▲Extraction of pollen grain from anther
A group of 212 growers, led by Strathboss Kiwifruit and Seeka, claimed the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries in 2012, was negligent under the Biosecurity Act, which made it responsible for controlling the importation of "risk goods".
由Strathboss Kiwifruit和Seeka領導的212名種植者聲稱，2012年并入初級產(chǎn)業(yè)部的農(nóng)業(yè)和林業(yè)部（MAF）在《生物安全法》下疏忽大意，該法規(guī)定其負責控制“風險商品”的進口。
▲獼猴桃花粉電子顯微鏡下照片
The grower group said Kiwi Pollen New Zealand imported kiwifruit anthers from China that were the source of the Psa outbreak.
The Government's lawyers weren't set to give their side until mid-September after the kiwifruit growers concluded their case.
種植者組織表示，新西蘭Kiwi Pollen從中國進口獼猴桃花藥，這是Psa爆發(fā)的源頭。
獼猴桃種植者結案后，政府的律師直到9月中旬才表示支持。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
However, in the amended statement of defence published online by MPI, its lawyer Jack Hodder QC argued the ministry acted appropriately and it was inconclusive exactly how Psa entered NZ.
然而，在MPI在線發(fā)布的經(jīng)修訂的辯護聲明中，其律師Jack Hodder QC辯稱，該部的行為是恰當?shù)模琍sa是如何進入新西蘭的尚無定論。
▲新西蘭的獼猴桃雄花園Kiwi Male Garden in New Zealand
Earlier in the week, Anthony Moore, a former orchard owner, gave evidence that pollen would be tested for viability before it was used, with only high-quality, commercially viable pollen sold.
本周早些時候，前果園主安東尼·摩爾（Anthony Moore）提供了證據(jù)，表明花粉在使用前會進行存活率測試，只銷售高質(zhì)量、商業(yè)上可行的花粉。
▲獼猴桃雄花采摘運輸
Moore, who worked for Kiwi Pollen each year before the pollination season, said Crawshaw often used commercially unviable pollen for experiments by applying it to his kiwifruit orchard.
Moore每年在授粉季節(jié)前為Kiwi Pollen工作，他說Crawshaw經(jīng)常將商業(yè)上不可行的花粉用于實驗，將其應用于他的獼猴桃園。
▲干燥獼猴桃花粉
Pollen that ended up on the ground while being weighed would be swept up because it was too valuable to waste and would be put through a cyclone machine in the pollen room to separate out any extraneous material, Moore said.
摩爾說，稱重時落在地上的花粉會被卷起，因為它太有價值了，不能浪費，會被放在花粉室的旋風機中，以分離出任何外來物質(zhì)。
▲獼猴桃對花授粉方法圖片
Under examination from the kiwifruit grower group lawyer Davey Salmon, Crawshaw said he didn't recall ever using low-viability or recycloned pollen and never intended to use it but it could have been used inadvertently.
在獼猴桃種植者團體律師Davey Salmon的檢查下，Crawshaw表示，他不記得曾經(jīng)使用過低存活率或再循環(huán)花粉，也從未打算使用它，但它可能是無意中使用的。
▲New Zealand Kiwi Orchard
Crawshaw said he had done "desk trials" using the low-viability pollen for his mini-duster which he created to spread pollen more efficiently in the orchard but the pollen didn't work in the machine.
克勞肖說，他已經(jīng)用這種低活性的花粉做了“桌面試驗”，他發(fā)明了一種小型除塵器，可以更有效地在果園中傳播花粉，但花粉在機器中不起作用。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
Low-viability pollen could be spread through a two-stroke duster but Crawshaw said that was an inefficient tool and he last used one for commercial applications before 2000.
低活性花粉可以通過二沖程除塵器傳播，但克勞肖表示，這是一種效率低下的工具，他最后一次將其用于商業(yè)應用是在2000年之前。
▲Kiwi pollination▲
"I never sprayed recycled pollen because the machinery I was using would not allow any extraneous material to flow through," he said.
"The pollination I did on our own orchards was targeted pollen application using more labour and consequently more efficient pollen use. That's the reason it was my policy to use very good quality pollen."
“我從不噴灑回收的花粉，因為我使用的機器不允許任何外來物質(zhì)流過，”他說。
“我在自己的果園進行的授粉是有針對性的花粉施用，需要更多的勞動力，因此花粉的使用效率更高。這就是我的政策是使用優(yōu)質(zhì)花粉的原因。”
▲獼猴桃雄花展示
Before the morning adjournment, Crawshaw was shown an October 21, 2010, invoice from Kiwi Pollen to the trust that owned Kairanga orchard, which showed a purchase of recycloned pollen was shipped to him.
Crawshaw said there was either a mistake in the document or he had made an error of memory. He said he didn't recall the pollen being used on the orchard and didn't know where it might have been used.
在上午休會之前，克勞肖收到了一份 2010 年 10 月 21 日新西蘭花粉公司開給擁有凱蘭加果園的信托公司的發(fā)票，其中顯示購買的回收花粉已運給他。
克勞肖表示，要么文件中有錯誤，要么是他記憶錯誤。他說他不記得果園使用過花粉，也不知道它可能被用在哪里。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
"If this is an accurate document and we have no reason to doubt it is an accurate document, then I apologise for my lapse in memory because I don't remember this pollen being used and I don't deny it may well have been," he said.
"I don't have any reason to suggest it is inaccurate."
Later in the morning, Crawshaw was quizzed about MAF's visit to the orchard on November 12, 2010, after symptoms of Psa emerged.
“如果這是一份準確的文件，并且我們沒有理由懷疑它是準確的文件，那么我為我的記憶失誤表示歉意，因為我不記得使用過這種花粉，而且我不否認它很可能被使用過， “他說。
“我沒有任何理由表明它不準確?！?/p>
上午晚些時候，Crawshaw 被問及 MAF 在 2010 年 11 月 12 日出現(xiàn) Psa 癥狀后訪問果園的情況。
▲sungold g3 kiwi orchard
Peter West, who had previously worked at Kiwi Pollen and who managed Olympos Orchard where Psa was first found, said Crawshaw had deliberately led him away from Psa-diseased dead vines when he visited on November 6.
彼得·韋斯特（Peter West）曾在 Kiwi Pollen 工作，并管理首次發(fā)現(xiàn) Psa 的奧林波斯果園（Olympos Orchard）。
▲Kiwi pollination▲
"It might have been logical to Peter to see that I was trying to deceive him, I wasn't," Crawshaw said.
“彼得認為我試圖欺騙他可能是合乎邏輯的，但我沒有，”克勞肖說。
Crawshaw continued being examined in the afternoon. The trial was set down for about three months, having begun earlier this month.
克勞肖下午繼續(xù)接受檢查。該審判于本月初開始，為期約三個月。 “我從不噴灑回收的花粉，因為我使用的機器不允許任何外來物質(zhì)流過，”他說。
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